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Architecture-of-computing-system
- Introduction
Operating-system
Operating-system
- Introduction
Course-upenn-CSE-380-Computer-Operating-Systems
Course-upenn-CSE-380-Computer-Operating-Systems
- Introduction
- Lecture-Note-2-Processes-and-Threads
  Lecture-Note-2-Processes-and-Threads
  - Introduction
Unix-standardization-and-implementation
Unix-standardization-and-implementation
Linux-Foundation
Linux-Foundation
- Introduction
- LSB-Core
  LSB-Core
  - Introduction
  - librt
- Core-Infrastructure-Initiative
  Core-Infrastructure-Initiative
  - Introduction
  - CII-Best-Practices
    CII-Best-Practices
    
    Introduction
Kernel
Kernel
- Introduction
- Operating-system-kernel
  Operating-system-kernel
  - Introduction
- Guide
  Guide
  - Kernel-architecture
    Kernel-architecture
    
    Introduction
  - Control-path-and-context-switch
    Control-path-and-context-switch
    
    Introduction
  - Kernel-thread
    Kernel-thread
    
    Introduction
  - System-resource
    System-resource
    
    Introduction
- Book-Understanding-the-Linux-Kernel
  Book-Understanding-the-Linux-Kernel
  - Introduction
  - Chapter-1-Introduction
    Chapter-1-Introduction
    
    Introduction
    
    1.1-Linux-Versus-Other-Unix-Like-Kernels
    1.1-Linux-Versus-Other-Unix-Like-Kernels
    
    Introduction
    
    Giant-lock
    
    1.2-Hardware-Dependency
    1.2-Hardware-Dependency
    
    Introduction
    
    1.4-Basic-Operating-System-Concepts
    1.4-Basic-Operating-System-Concepts
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6-An-Overview-of-Unix-Kernels
    1.6-An-Overview-of-Unix-Kernels
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.1-The-Process-Kernel-Model
    1.6.1-The-Process-Kernel-Model
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.2-Process-Implementation
    1.6.2-Process-Implementation
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.3-Reentrant-Kernels
    1.6.3-Reentrant-Kernels
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.4-Process-Address-Space
    1.6.4-Process-Address-Space
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.5-Synchronization-and-Critical-Regions
    1.6.5-Synchronization-and-Critical-Regions
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.6-Signals-and-Interprocess-Communication
    1.6.6-Signals-and-Interprocess-Communication
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.7-Process-Management
    1.6.7-Process-Management
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.8-Memory-Management
    1.6.8-Memory-Management
    
    Introduction
    
    1.6.9-Device-Drivers
    1.6.9-Device-Drivers
    
    Introduction
  - Chapter-2-Memory-Addressing
    Chapter-2-Memory-Addressing
    
    Introduction
    
    2.1-Memory-Addresses
    2.1-Memory-Addresses
    
    Introduction
    
    2.2-Segmentation-in-Hardware
    2.2-Segmentation-in-Hardware
    
    Introduction
    
    2.3-Segmentation-in-Linux
    2.3-Segmentation-in-Linux
    
    Introduction
    
    2.4-Paging-in-Hardware
    2.4-Paging-in-Hardware
    
    Introduction
    
    2.5-Paging-in-Linux
    2.5-Paging-in-Linux
    
    Introduction
    
    TODO
    TODO
    
    Multilevel-Paging-in-Operating-System
    Multilevel-Paging-in-Operating-System
    
    Introduction
    
    How-are-the-segment-registers-used-in-Linux
  - Chapter-3-Processes
    Chapter-3-Processes
    
    Introduction
    
    3.1-Processes-and-Lightweight-Processes-and-Threads
    3.1-Processes-and-Lightweight-Processes-and-Threads
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2-Process-Descriptor
    3.2-Process-Descriptor
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.1-Process-State
    3.2.1-Process-State
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.2-Identifying-a-Process
    3.2.2-Identifying-a-Process
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.2.1-Process-descriptors-handling
    3.2.2.1-Process-descriptors-handling
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.2.2-Identifying-the-current-process
    3.2.2.2-Identifying-the-current-process
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.2.3-Doubly-linked-lists
    3.2.2.3-Doubly-linked-lists
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.2.4-The-process-list
    3.2.2.4-The-process-list
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.2.5-The-lists-of-TASK_RUNNING-processes
    3.2.2.5-The-lists-of-TASK_RUNNING-processes
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.3-Relationships-Among-Processes
    3.2.3-Relationships-Among-Processes
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.4-How-Processes-Are-Organized
    3.2.4-How-Processes-Are-Organized
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2.5-Process-Resource-Limits
    3.2.5-Process-Resource-Limits
    
    Introduction
    
    3.3-Process-Switch
    3.3-Process-Switch
    
    Introduction
    
    3.4-Creating-Processes
    3.4-Creating-Processes
    
    Introduction
    
    3.4.2-Kernel-Threads
    3.4.2-Kernel-Threads
    
    Introduction
  - Chapter-4-Interrupts-and-Exceptions
    Chapter-4-Interrupts-and-Exceptions
    
    Introduction
    
    4.1-The-Role-of-Interrupt-Signals
    4.1-The-Role-of-Interrupt-Signals
    
    Introduction
    
    4.2-Interrupts-and-Exceptions
    4.2-Interrupts-and-Exceptions
    
    Introduction
    
    4.3-Nested-Execution-of-Exception-and-Interrupt-Handlers
    4.3-Nested-Execution-of-Exception-and-Interrupt-Handlers
    
    Introduction
    
    4.5-Exception-Handling
    4.5-Exception-Handling
    
    Introduction
  - Chapter-6-Timing-Measurements
    Chapter-6-Timing-Measurements
    
    Introduction
    
    6.1-Clock-and-Timer-Circuits
    6.1-Clock-and-Timer-Circuits
    
    Introduction
    
    6.2-The-Linux-Timekeeping-Architecture
    6.2-The-Linux-Timekeeping-Architecture
    
    Introduction
    
    6.4-Updating-System-Statistics
    6.4-Updating-System-Statistics
    
    Introduction
  - Chapter-7-Process-Scheduling
    Chapter-7-Process-Scheduling
    
    Introduction
  - Chapter-8-Memory-Management
    Chapter-8-Memory-Management
    
    Introduction
    
    8.1-Page-Frame-Management
    8.1-Page-Frame-Management
    
    Introduction
  - Chapter-9-Process-Address-Space
    Chapter-9-Process-Address-Space
    
    Introduction
    
    9.1-The-Process's-Address-Space
    9.1-The-Process's-Address-Space
    
    Introduction
    
    9.2-The-Memory-Descriptor
    9.2-The-Memory-Descriptor
    
    Introduction
- 主要功能
  主要功能
  - Introduction
  - Interaction-with-hardware
    Interaction-with-hardware
    
    Linux-OS-kernel-is-event-driven
    
    Kernel-control-path-and-reentrant-kernel
    
    Linux-OS-interrupt-and-interrupte-handler
  - Multitasking
  - User-system
    User-system
    
    Introduction
  - Memory-management
    Memory-management
    
    Introduction
    
    Memory-protection
    Memory-protection
    
    Introduction
    
    Virtual-memory
    Virtual-memory
    
    Introduction
    
    Paging
    Paging
    
    Introduction
    
    Unix-system-page-size
    
    Difference-Between-Paging-and-Segmentation-in-OS
    
    Fragmentation
    Fragmentation
    
    Introduction
    
    Heap-fragmentation
    Heap-fragmentation
    
    Introduction
    
    TODO-design-reuse-Dynamic-Memory-Allocation-and-Fragmentation
    TODO-design-reuse-Dynamic-Memory-Allocation-and-Fragmentation
    
    Introduction
    
    Defragmentation
    Defragmentation
    
    Introduction
- Read-code
  Read-code
  - Introduction
  - Kernel-data-structure
    Kernel-data-structure
    
    Introduction
- Debug-kernel
  Debug-kernel
  - Introduction
  - System.map
    System.map
    
    Introduction
  - oops
- The-Linux-Kernel-documentation
  The-Linux-Kernel-documentation
  - Introduction
Linux-startup-process
Linux-startup-process
- Introduction
- Entry-point-of-kernel
  Entry-point-of-kernel
  - Introduction
System-call
System-call
- Introduction
- Why-system-call-slow
  Why-system-call-slow
  - Introduction
- Classification
  Classification
  - Introduction
  - System-call-with-timeout
    System-call-with-timeout
    
    Introduction
- Interrupted-system-call
  Interrupted-system-call
  - Introduction
- Zero-copy
  Zero-copy
  - Introduction
  - linuxjournal-Zero-Copy-I-User-Mode-Perspective
    linuxjournal-Zero-Copy-I-User-Mode-Perspective
    
    Introduction
  - developpaper-Analysis-of-zero-copy-technology-in-Linux
    developpaper-Analysis-of-zero-copy-technology-in-Linux
    
    Introduction
  - joshbialkowski-Linux-Zero-Copy
    joshbialkowski-Linux-Zero-Copy
    
    Introduction
  - splice系列-zero-copy-system-call
    splice系列-zero-copy-system-call
    
    Introduction
  - Zero-copy-VS-COW-copy-on-write
    Zero-copy-VS-COW-copy-on-write
    
    Introduction
- p-system-call
  p-system-call
  - Introduction
- Linux-system-call-table
  Linux-system-call-table
  - Introduction
Multitasking
Multitasking
- Introduction
- Process-thread-model
  Process-thread-model
  - Introduction
  - Process-thread
    Process-thread
    
    Introduction
    
    wikipedia-Process(computing)
    wikipedia-Process(computing)
    
    Introduction
  - Process-run-model
    Process-run-model
    
    Introduction
  - Process-control-block
    Process-control-block
    
    Introduction
  - Process-table
    Process-table
    
    Introduction
  - Process-resource
    Process-resource
    
    Introduction
  - Process-lifetime
    Process-lifetime
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-implementation
    Linux-implementation
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-clone
    man-2-clone
    
    Introduction
    
    opensourceforu-The-Life-of-a-Process
    opensourceforu-The-Life-of-a-Process
    
    Introduction
- Process-memory
  Process-memory
  - Introduction
  - Process-address-space
    Process-address-space
    
    Introduction
    
    Thinking
    
    Segment
    Segment
    
    BSS
    BSS
    
    Introduction
    
    Data-segment
    Data-segment
    
    Introduction
    
    Code-segment
    Code-segment
    
    Introduction
    
    Heap
    Heap
    
    Introduction
    
    Stack-VS-heap
    Stack-VS-heap
    
    Introduction
    
    Operation-on-stack-VS-on-heap
    Operation-on-stack-VS-on-heap
    
    Introduction
    
    Memory-mapped-file
    Memory-mapped-file
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-implementation
    Linux-implementation
    
    Introduction
    
    dynamic-allocation-system-call
    dynamic-allocation-system-call
    
    man-2-brk
    man-2-brk
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-sbrk
    man-2-sbrk
    
    Introduction
    
    Program-break
    Program-break
    
    Introduction
    
    输出内存布局
    输出内存布局
    
    Introduction
    
    Holberton-Hack-the-virtual-memory
    Holberton-Hack-the-virtual-memory
    
    Introduction
    
    The-stack-registers-and-assembly-code
    The-stack-registers-and-assembly-code
    
    Introduction
    
    Chapter-0-C-strings&proc-filesystem
    Chapter-0-C-strings&proc-filesystem
    
    Introduction
    
    Chapter-2-Drawing-the-VM-diagram
    Chapter-2-Drawing-the-VM-diagram
    
    Introduction
    
    Chapter-3-malloc-the-heap&the-program-break
    Chapter-3-malloc-the-heap&the-program-break
    
    Introduction
    
    CSDN-Linux下C程序进程地址空间布局
    CSDN-Linux下C程序进程地址空间布局
    
    Introduction
    
    Size
    Size
    
    Unix-virtual-address-space
    
    Virtual-address-space-size-reading-list
- Process-file
  Process-file
  - Introduction
- Scheduler
  Scheduler
  - Introduction
  - Preemptive-multitasking
    Preemptive-multitasking
    
    Introduction
    
    Kernel-preemption
  - Cooperative-multitasking
    Cooperative-multitasking
    
    Introduction
  - Context-switch
    Context-switch
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-implementation
    Linux-implementation
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-sched
    man-7-sched
    
    Introduction
    
    Processor-affinity
    Processor-affinity
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-taskset
    man-1-taskset
    
    Introduction
  - Multicore-scheduler-process
    Multicore-scheduler-process
    
    Introduction
- System-call-summary
  System-call-summary
  - Introduction
- Linux-process
  Linux-process
  - Organization-of-process
    Organization-of-process
    
    Introduction
    
    Process-group
    Process-group
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-cgroups
    man-7-cgroups
    
    Introduction
    
    TODO-How-kernel-organize-process
    TODO-How-kernel-organize-process
    
    Introduction
  - Process-state
    Process-state
    
    Introduction
    
    wikipedia-Process-state
    wikipedia-Process-state
    
    Introduction
  - Create-process
    Create-process
    
    man-2-fork
    man-2-fork
    
    Introduction
  - Wait-child-process
    Wait-child-process
    
    Child-process-exit-status
    Child-process-exit-status
    
    Introduction
  - Process-termination
    Process-termination
    
    Introduction
    
    man-3-abort
    man-3-abort
    
    Introduction
  - Block-process
    Block-process
    
    Introduction
  - Daemon
    Daemon
    
    man-7-daemon
    
    man-3-daemon
  - IPC
    IPC
    
    Introduction
    
    Beej's-Guide-to-Unix-IPC
    Beej's-Guide-to-Unix-IPC
    
    Introduction
    
    pipe
    pipe
    
    man-7-pipe
    man-7-pipe
    
    Introduction
    
    Unix-PIPE_BUF
    
    System-V-IPC
    System-V-IPC
    
    man-7-SVIPC
    man-7-SVIPC
    
    Introduction
    
    POSIX-IPC
    POSIX-IPC
    
    Introduction
    
    message-queues
    message-queues
    
    man-7-mq_overview
    man-7-mq_overview
    
    Introduction
    
    semaphores
    semaphores
    
    man-7-sem_overview
    man-7-sem_overview
    
    Introduction
    
    shared-memory
    shared-memory
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-shm_overview
    man-7-shm_overview
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-mmap
    man-2-mmap
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-mmap
    man-2-mmap
    
    Introduction
    
    linuxhint-How-to-use-mmap-function-in-C-language
    linuxhint-How-to-use-mmap-function-in-C-language
    
    Introduction
    
    Unix-domain-socket
    Unix-domain-socket
    
    man-7-unix
    man-7-unix
    
    Introduction
    
    Tools
    Tools
    
    man-1-ipcmk
    man-1-ipcmk
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-ipcrm
    man-1-ipcrm
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-ipcs
    man-1-ipcs
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-lsipc
    man-1-lsipc
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-ipc_namespaces
    man-7-ipc_namespaces
    
    Introduction
    
    Inter-process-lock
    Inter-process-lock
    
    Introduction
- Linux-thread
  Linux-thread
  - Introduction
  - Thread-control-block
    Thread-control-block
    
    Introduction
  - man-7-pthreads
    man-7-pthreads
    
    Introduction
  - man-7-attributes
    man-7-attributes
    
    Introduction
  - Create-thread
    Create-thread
    
    man-3-pthread_create
    man-3-pthread_create
    
    Introduction
    
    Thread-ID
    Thread-ID
    
    man-3-pthread_self
    man-3-pthread_self
    
    Introduction
    
    man-3-pthread_equal
    man-3-pthread_equal
    
    Introduction
    
    Thread-attri
    Thread-attri
    
    Introduction
  - Cancel-thread
    Cancel-thread
    
    man-3-pthread_cancel
    man-3-pthread_cancel
    
    Introduction
    
    man-3-pthread_setcancel
    man-3-pthread_setcancel
    
    Introduction
  - Join-thread
    Join-thread
    
    man-3-pthread_join
    man-3-pthread_join
    
    Introduction
  - Detach-thread
    Detach-thread
    
    man-3-pthread_detach
    man-3-pthread_detach
    
    Introduction
  - Synchronization
    Synchronization
    
    Barrier
    Barrier
    
    Introduction
    
    Condition-variables
    Condition-variables
    
    Introduction
    
    man-3-pthread_cond_timedwait
    man-3-pthread_cond_timedwait
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-futex
    man-2-futex
    
    Introduction
- Limit
  Limit
  - Introduction
  - Limit-via-configuration
  - Limit-via-system-call
  - man-ulimit
    man-ulimit
    
    Introduction
  - Process-resource-limits-under-the-hood
  - man-5-limits.conf
    man-5-limits.conf
    
    Introduction
  - man-5-sysctl.conf
    man-5-sysctl.conf
    
    Introduction
- Credential
  Credential
  - man-7-credentials
    man-7-credentials
    
    Introduction
- proc-filesystem
  proc-filesystem
  - man-5-proc
    man-5-proc
    
    Introduction
- Tools
  Tools
  - Introduction
  - procps
    procps
    
    Introduction
    
    ps
    ps
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-ps
    man-1-ps
    
    Introduction
    
    Wait-channel
    
    top
    top
    
    Introduction
    
    htop
    htop
    
    Introduction
    
    pgrep
    
    pstree
Programming
Programming
- Introduction
- Book-APUE
  Book-APUE
  - Introduction
  - 1-UNIX-System-Overview
    1-UNIX-System-Overview
    
    Introduction
    
    1.7-Error-Handling
    1.7-Error-Handling
    
    Introduction
  - 2-UNIX-Standardization-and-Implementations
    2-UNIX-Standardization-and-Implementations
    
    Introduction
  - 3-File-IO
    3-File-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    3.2-File-Descriptors
    3.2-File-Descriptors
    
    Introduction
    
    3.3-open-and-openat-Functions
    3.3-open-and-openat-Functions
    
    Introduction
    
    3.4-creat-Function
    3.4-creat-Function
    
    Introduction
    
    3.5-close-Function
    3.5-close-Function
    
    Introduction
    
    3.10-File-Sharing
    3.10-File-Sharing
    
    Introduction
    
    3.11-Atomic-Operations
    3.11-Atomic-Operations
    
    Introduction
    
    3.12-dup-and-dup2-Functions
    3.12-dup-and-dup2-Functions
    
    Introduction
    
    3.13-sync-fsync-and-fdatasync-Functions
    3.13-sync-fsync-and-fdatasync-Functions
    
    Introduction
  - 4-Files-and-Directories
    4-Files-and-Directories
    
    Introduction
  - 5-Standard-IO-Library
    5-Standard-IO-Library
    
    Introduction
  - 6-System-Data-Files-and-Information
    6-System-Data-Files-and-Information
    
    Introduction
  - 7-Process-Environment
    7-Process-Environment
    
    Introduction
  - 8-Process-Control
    8-Process-Control
    
    Introduction
    
    8.3-fork-Function
    8.3-fork-Function
    
    Introduction
    
    8.9-Race-Conditions
    8.9-Race-Conditions
    
    Introduction
  - 9-Process-Relationships
    9-Process-Relationships
    
    Introduction
  - 10-Signals
    10-Signals
    
    Introduction
    
    10.2-Signal-Concepts
    10.2-Signal-Concepts
    
    Introduction
    
    10.6-Reentrant-Functions
    10.6-Reentrant-Functions
    
    Introduction
    
    10.5-Interrupted-System-Calls
    10.5-Interrupted-System-Calls
    
    Introduction
  - 11-Threads
    11-Threads
    
    Introduction
  - 12-Thread-Control
    12-Thread-Control
    
    Introduction
  - 13-Daemon-Processes
    13-Daemon-Processes
    
    Introduction
  - 14-Advanced-IO
    14-Advanced-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    14.2-Nonblocking-IO
    14.2-Nonblocking-IO
    
    Introduction
  - 15-Interprocess-Communication
    15-Interprocess-Communication
    
    Introduction
  - 16-Network-IPC-Sockets
    16-Network-IPC-Sockets
    
    Introduction
  - 17-Advanced-IPC
    17-Advanced-IPC
    
    Introduction
    
    17.4-Passing-File-Descriptors
    17.4-Passing-File-Descriptors
    
    Introduction
  - 18-Terminal-IO
    18-Terminal-IO
    
    Introduction
  - 19-Pseudo-Terminals
    19-Pseudo-Terminals
    
    Introduction
  - 20-A-Database-Library
    20-A-Database-Library
    
    Introduction
  - 21-Communicating-with-a-Network-Printer
    21-Communicating-with-a-Network-Printer
    
    Introduction
  - Race-condition
    Race-condition
    
    Introduction
- Book-TLPL
  Book-TLPL
  - Introduction
- Book-UNP
  Book-UNP
  - Introduction
  - Chapter-6-IO-Multiplexing-The-select-and-poll-Functions
    Chapter-6-IO-Multiplexing-The-select-and-poll-Functions
    
    6.1-Introduction
- Common
  Common
  - Linux-name-convention
    Linux-name-convention
    
    Introduction
  - Function-attribute
    Function-attribute
    
    Introduction
    
    Idempotence
    Idempotence
    
    Introduction
    
    POSIX-safety
    POSIX-safety
    
    Introduction
    
    Reentrancy
    Reentrancy
    
    Introduction
    
    wikipedia-Reentrancy
    wikipedia-Reentrancy
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-signal-safety
    man-7-signal-safety
    
    Introduction
    
    Async-cancel-safety
    Async-cancel-safety
    
    Introduction
  - Path-resolution
  - errno
    errno
    
    man-3-errno
    man-3-errno
    
    Introduction
    
    Is-errno-thread-local
    Is-errno-thread-local
    
    Introduction
    
    errno-EAGAIN-EWOULDBLOCK
    errno-EAGAIN-EWOULDBLOCK
    
    Introduction
    
    errno-EEXIST
    errno-EEXIST
    
    Introduction
- Philosophy
  Philosophy
  - Introduction
  - Unix-philosophy
    Unix-philosophy
    
    Introduction
  - Everything-is-a-file
    Everything-is-a-file
    
    Introduction
- library
  library
  - Introduction
  - library-glibc
    library-glibc
    
    Introduction
    
    doc
    doc
    
    Introduction
    
    1.2-Standards-and-Portability
    1.2-Standards-and-Portability
    
    Introduction
    
    11-Input-Output-Overview
    11-Input-Output-Overview
    
    Introduction
    
    12-Input-Output-on-Streams
    12-Input-Output-on-Streams
    
    Introduction
    
    13-Low-Level-Input-Output
    13-Low-Level-Input-Output
    
    Introduction
    
    13.8-Memory-mapped-IO
    13.8-Memory-mapped-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    13.14-File-Descriptor-Flags
    13.14-File-Descriptor-Flags
    
    Introduction
    
    13.15-File-Status-Flags
    13.15-File-Status-Flags
    
    Introduction
    
    13.15.1-File-Access-Modes
    13.15.1-File-Access-Modes
    
    Introduction
    
    13.15.2-Open-time-Flags
    13.15.2-Open-time-Flags
    
    Introduction
    
    13.15.3-IO-Operating-Modes
    13.15.3-IO-Operating-Modes
    
    Introduction
- IO
  IO
  - Introduction
  - What-is-IO
    What-is-IO
    
    Introduction
  - File-system
    File-system
    
    Unix-filesystem
    Unix-filesystem
    
    Introduction
    
    Linux-virtual-file-system
    Linux-virtual-file-system
    
    Introduction
    
    Vnode
    Vnode
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-file-hierarchy
    man-7-file-hierarchy
    
    Introduction
    
    Inode
    Inode
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-stat
    man-2-stat
    
    Introduction
    
    File-type
    File-type
    
    Introduction
    
    Tools
    Tools
    
    Introduction
  - IO-model
    IO-model
    
    Introduction
    
    UNP-6.1-IO-Multiplexing
    UNP-6.1-IO-Multiplexing
    
    Introduction
  - IO-data-structure
    IO-data-structure
    
    Introduction
    
    File-descriptor
    File-descriptor
    
    Introduction
    
    wikipedia-File-descriptor
    wikipedia-File-descriptor
    
    Introduction
    
    Pass-file-descriptor
    Pass-file-descriptor
    
    Introduction
    
    fd-is-reference
    fd-is-reference
    
    Introduction
    
    IO-buffer
    IO-buffer
    
    Introduction
  - IO-流派
    IO-流派
    
    Introduction
    
    Stream-based-IO
    Stream-based-IO
    
    Stream
    
    Standard-streams
    
    Stream-VS-fd
    Stream-VS-fd
    
    Introduction Introduction
    Table of contents
    
    stackoverflow What is the difference between a stream and a file?
    
    A
    
    TO READ
  - Asynchronous-IO
    Asynchronous-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    ibm-Boost-application-performance-using-asynchronous-IO
    ibm-Boost-application-performance-using-asynchronous-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    library-libeio
    library-libeio
    
    Introduction
  - IO-multiplexing
    IO-multiplexing
    
    Introduction
    
    What-is-multiplexing
    What-is-multiplexing
    
    Introduction
    
    What-is-IO-multiplexing
    What-is-IO-multiplexing
    
    Introduction
    
    zhihu-What-is-IO-multiplexing
    zhihu-What-is-IO-multiplexing
    
    Introduction
    
    Multiplex-on-file-descriptor
    Multiplex-on-file-descriptor
    
    Introduction
    
    Notify-via-fd
    Notify-via-fd
    
    Introduction
    
    eventfd
    eventfd
    
    Introduction
    
    yangyang-Worker-Pool-With-Eventfd
    yangyang-Worker-Pool-With-Eventfd
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-eventfd
    man-2-eventfd
    
    Introduction
    
    timefd
    timefd
    
    Introduction
    
    signalfd
    signalfd
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-signalfd
    man-2-signalfd
    
    Introduction
    
    self-pipe-trick
    self-pipe-trick
    
    Introduction
    
    select
    select
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-select
    man-2-select
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-select_tut
    man-2-select_tut
    
    Introduction
    
    pselect-VS-select
    pselect-VS-select
    
    Introduction
    
    poll
    poll
    
    Introduction
    
    epoll
    epoll
    
    wikipedia-epoll
    wikipedia-epoll
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-epoll
    man-7-epoll
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-epoll_create
    man-2-epoll_create
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-epoll_wait
    man-2-epoll_wait
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-epoll_ctl
    man-2-epoll_ctl
    
    Introduction
    
    EPOLLHUP
    EPOLLHUP
    
    Introduction
    
    EPOLLRDHUP
    EPOLLRDHUP
    
    Introduction
    
    EPOLLRDHUP-VS-EPOLLHUP
    EPOLLRDHUP-VS-EPOLLHUP
    
    Introduction
    
    epoll-impl
    epoll-impl
    
    Introduction
    
    idndx-The-Implementation-of-epoll
    idndx-The-Implementation-of-epoll
    
    Introduction
    
    Edge-trigger-VS-level-trigger
    Edge-trigger-VS-level-trigger
    
    Introduction
    
    epoll-nonblocking-IO
    epoll-nonblocking-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    kovyrin-Using-epoll-For-Asynchronous-Network-Programming
    kovyrin-Using-epoll-For-Asynchronous-Network-Programming
    
    Introduction
    
    Summary
    Summary
    
    Introduction
    
    IO-multiplexing-and-signal
    IO-multiplexing-and-signal
    
    Introduction
    
    select-VS-poll-VS-epoll
    select-VS-poll-VS-epoll
    
    Introduction
  - File-IO
    File-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    File-format
    File-format
    
    Introduction
    
    System-call
    System-call
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-open
    man-2-open
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-openat
    man-2-openat
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-close
    man-2-close
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-read
    man-2-read
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-fcntl
    man-2-fcntl
    
    Introduction
    
    File-lock
    File-lock
    
    wikipedia-File-locking
    wikipedia-File-locking
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-flock
    man-2-flock
    
    Introduction
    
    Notify
    Notify
    
    inotify
    inotify
    
    man-7-inotify
    man-7-inotify
    
    Introduction
    
    fanotify
    fanotify
    
    man-7-fanotify
    man-7-fanotify
    
    Introduction
  - Network-IO
    Network-IO
    
    Introduction
  - IO-redirection
    IO-redirection
    
    Introduction
    
    opengroup-dup-and-dup2
    opengroup-dup-and-dup2
    
    Introduction
  - Vectored-IO
    Vectored-IO
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-readv-writev
    man-2-readv-writev
    
    Introduction
  - Tools
    Tools
    
    man-1-fuser
    man-1-fuser
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-lsof
    man-1-lsof
    
    Introduction
- Date-time
  Date-time
  - Introduction
  - man-2-clock_gettime
    man-2-clock_gettime
    
    Introduction
  - localtime
    localtime
    
    Introduction
  - codeofmatt-List-of-2020-Leap-Day-Bugs
    codeofmatt-List-of-2020-Leap-Day-Bugs
    
    Introduction
- Signal
  Signal
  - Introduction
  - wikipedia-Signal(IPC)
    wikipedia-Signal(IPC)
    
    Introduction
  - man-7-signal
    man-7-signal
    
    Introduction
  - Unix-Termination-Signals
    Unix-Termination-Signals
    
    Introduction
  - Signal-handler
    Signal-handler
    
    Introduction
  - Scheduler-signal
    Scheduler-signal
    
    Introduction
  - Ctrl-z-and-Ctrl-c
    Ctrl-z-and-Ctrl-c
    
    Introduction
  - Block-signal
    Block-signal
    
    Introduction
- Virtualization
  Virtualization
  - Introduction
  - Virtualization
    Virtualization
    
    Introduction
    
    Memory-virtualization
    Memory-virtualization
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-containers
    Linux-containers
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-namespaces
    Linux-namespaces
    
    Introduction
    
    toptal-Separation-Anxiety-Tutorial-for-Isolating-Your-System-with-Linux-Namespaces
    toptal-Separation-Anxiety-Tutorial-for-Isolating-Your-System-with-Linux-Namespaces
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-namespaces
    man-7-namespaces
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-control-groups
    Linux-control-groups
    
    Introduction
- Util
  Util
  - Introduction
  - Log
    Log
    
    Linux-log-files
    
    Syslog
    Syslog
    
    Syslog
- Computer-errors
  Computer-errors
  - Introduction
  - CWE
    CWE
    
    Introduction
  - Memory-access-error
    Memory-access-error
    
    Introduction
- Kernel-module
  Kernel-module
  - Loadable-kernel-module
  - Tool
    Tool
    
    Introduction
- Object-file
  Object-file
  - Introduction
  - ELF
    ELF
    
    Introduction
    
    Classification-of-object-file
    Classification-of-object-file
    
    Introduction
    
    man-5-elf
    man-5-elf
    
    Introduction
    
    Tools
    Tools
    
    man-1-strip
    
    man-1-readelf
    
    man-1-objdump
    
    man-1-addr2line
  - Shared-library
    Shared-library
    
    Introduction
    
    Symbol-of-shared-library
    Symbol-of-shared-library
    
    Introduction
    
    Tools
    Tools
    
    man-1-ldd
    man-1-ldd
    
    Introduction
    
    version
    version
    
    Introduction
  - Symbol
    Symbol
    
    Introduction
    
    nm
    nm
    
    Introduction
- Core-dump
  Core-dump
  - Introduction
- Terminal
  Terminal
  - Introduction
  - linusakesson-The-TTY-demystified
    linusakesson-The-TTY-demystified
    
    Introduction
  - tty-pty
    tty-pty
    
    Introduction
- Expert-Marek
  Expert-Marek
  - Introduction
  - When-Bloom-filters-don't-bloom
    When-Bloom-filters-don't-bloom
    
    Introduction
  - Bind-before-connect
    Bind-before-connect
    
    Introduction
Network
Network
- Introduction
- Network-model
  Network-model
  - Introduction
  - Layered-network-protocol-model
    Layered-network-protocol-model
    
    Introduction
    
    PDU-MTU-SDU-MSS
    PDU-MTU-SDU-MSS
    
    Introduction
  - RCF
    RCF
    
    Introduction
  - Link-layer
    Link-layer
    
    Address-Resolution-Protocol
    Address-Resolution-Protocol
    
    Introduction
  - Network-layer
    Network-layer
    
    man-7-ip
    man-7-ip
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-ipv6
    man-7-ipv6
    
    Introduction
    
    ICMP
    ICMP
    
    Introduction
    
    IGMP
    IGMP
    
    Introduction
  - Transport-layer
    Transport-layer
    
    TCP
    TCP
    
    Introduction
    
    Course-miami-TCP-in-a-nutshell
    Course-miami-TCP-in-a-nutshell
    
    Introduction
    
    coolshell-TCP的那些事儿
    coolshell-TCP的那些事儿
    
    上
    上
    
    Introduction
    
    下
    下
    
    Introduction
    
    wikipedia-Transmission-Control-Protocol
    wikipedia-Transmission-Control-Protocol
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-connection
    TCP-connection
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-connection-tuple
    TCP-connection-tuple
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-长连接-短连接
    TCP-长连接-短连接
    
    Introduction
    
    Half-open-close
    Half-open-close
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-glossary
    TCP-glossary
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-FSM
    TCP-FSM
    
    Introduction
    
    Connection-synchronization
    Connection-synchronization
    
    Introduction
    
    Data-transfer
    Data-transfer
    
    Introduction
    
    Sequence-number&&acknowledge-number
    Sequence-number&&acknowledge-number
    
    Introduction
    
    Nagle's-algorithm
    Nagle's-algorithm
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-segment-of-a-reassembled-PDU
    
    Connection-termination
    Connection-termination
    
    Introduction
    
    Connection-finish
    Connection-finish
    
    Introduction
    
    freesoft-4.2.2.13-Closing-a-Connection-RFC-793-Section-3.5
    freesoft-4.2.2.13-Closing-a-Connection-RFC-793-Section-3.5
    
    Introduction
    
    Connection-reset
    Connection-reset
    
    Introduction
    
    Flow-control
    Flow-control
    
    Introduction
    
    Sliding-window
    Sliding-window
    
    Introduction
    
    Congestion-control
    Congestion-control
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-tuning
    TCP-tuning
    
    Introduction
    
    UDP
    UDP
    
    Introduction
    
    UDP-broadcast
    UDP-broadcast
    
    Introduction
    
    Reliable-UDP-RUDP
    Reliable-UDP-RUDP
    
    Introduction
    
    tencent-告知你不为人知的UDP疑难杂症和使用
    tencent-告知你不为人知的UDP疑难杂症和使用
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-VS-UDP
    TCP-VS-UDP
    
    Introduction
  - Application-layer
    Application-layer
    
    Introduction
    
    Design-protocol
    Design-protocol
    
    Introduction
    
    Protocol-data-format
    Protocol-data-format
    
    Introduction
    
    Binary-VS-textual-protocol
    Binary-VS-textual-protocol
    
    Introduction
    
    IDL
    IDL
    
    Introduction
    
    Schema-evaluation
    
    TCP-message-boundary
    TCP-message-boundary
    
    Introduction
    
    CSDN-经典-tcp粘包分析
    CSDN-经典-tcp粘包分析
    
    Introduction
    
    Domain-Name-System
    Domain-Name-System
    
    Introduction
    
    TODO-根域名服务器是否只有13台
    TODO-根域名服务器是否只有13台
    
    Introduction
    
    WebSocket
    WebSocket
    
    Introduction
    
    HTTP
    HTTP
    
    Introduction
    
    HTTP-persistent-connection
    HTTP-persistent-connection
    
    Introduction
  - Message-boundary
    Message-boundary
    
    Introduction
  - Ethernet
    Ethernet
    
    Introduction
- Network-security
  Network-security
  - Introduction
  - DoS-attack
    DoS-attack
    
    Introduction
    
    Syn-flood
    Syn-flood
    
    Introduction
- Network-topology
  Network-topology
  - Introduction
  - mesh
    mesh
    
    Introduction
- RDMA
  RDMA
  - Introduction
  - zhihu-RDMA技术详解
    zhihu-RDMA技术详解
    
    Introduction
  - paper-RDMC-A-Reliable-RDMA-Multicast-for-Large-Objects
    paper-RDMC-A-Reliable-RDMA-Multicast-for-Large-Objects
    
    Introduction
- Programming
  Programming
  - Introduction
  - course-dartmouth-CS60-Computer-Networks
    course-dartmouth-CS60-Computer-Networks
    
    Introduction
    
    Lecture 3-and-4-Socket-Programming
    Lecture 3-and-4-Socket-Programming
    
    Introduction
  - Book-Beej's-Guide-to-Network-Programming
    Book-Beej's-Guide-to-Network-Programming
    
    Introduction
    
    1-Intro
    1-Intro
    
    Introduction
    
    2-What-is-a-socket
    2-What-is-a-socket
    
    Introduction
    
    3-IP-Addresses-structs-and-Data-Munging
    3-IP-Addresses-structs-and-Data-Munging
    
    Introduction
    
    5-System-Calls-or-Bust
    5-System-Calls-or-Bust
    
    Introduction
    
    6-Client-Server-Background
    6-Client-Server-Background
    
    Introduction
  - Linux-TCP-impl
    Linux-TCP-impl
    
    Introduction
    
    Data-structure
    Data-structure
    
    Introduction
    
    SND-RCV-Buffer
    SND-RCV-Buffer
    
    Introduction
    
    Network-IO-events
    Network-IO-events
    
    Introduction
    
    backlog
    backlog
    
    Introduction
    
    Bufferbloat
    Bufferbloat
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-TCP
    man-7-TCP
    
    Introduction
    
    TCP-parameter
    TCP-parameter
    
    Introduction
    
    tcp_max_syn_backlog-VS-somaxcon
    tcp_max_syn_backlog-VS-somaxcon
    
    Introduction
  - Socket
    Socket
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-socket
    man-7-socket
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-socket
    man-2-socket
    
    Introduction
    
    man-7-address_families
    man-7-address_families
    
    Introduction
    
    Socket-option
    Socket-option
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-setsockopt
    man-2-setsockopt
    
    Introduction
    
    Mark-socket
    Mark-socket
    
    Introduction
    
    CSDN-Linux socket设置mark的必要性
    CSDN-Linux socket设置mark的必要性
    
    Introduction
    
    SO_REUSEADDR-SO_REUSEPORT
    SO_REUSEADDR-SO_REUSEPORT
    
    Introduction
    
    stackoverflow-How-SO_REUSEADDR-SO_REUSEPORT-differ
    stackoverflow-How-SO_REUSEADDR-SO_REUSEPORT-differ
    
    Introduction
    
    SO_REUSEADDR
    SO_REUSEADDR
    
    Introduction
    
    microsoft-Using-SO_REUSEADDR-and-SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE
    microsoft-Using-SO_REUSEADDR-and-SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE
    
    Introduction
    
    SO_REUSEPORT
    SO_REUSEPORT
    
    lwn-The-SO_REUSEPORT-socket-option
    lwn-The-SO_REUSEPORT-socket-option
    
    Introduction
    
    SO_LINGER
    SO_LINGER
    
    Introduction
    
    Control-message
    Control-message
    
    Introduction
    
    man-3-cmsg
    man-3-cmsg
    
    Introduction
    
    Out-of-band
    Out-of-band
    
    Introduction
  - Port
    Port
    
    Introduction
    
    Ephemeral-port
    Ephemeral-port
    
    Introduction
    
    Process&port
    Process&port
    
    Introduction
  - man-2-bind
    man-2-bind
    
    Introduction
  - INADDR_ANY-local_host
    INADDR_ANY-local_host
    
    Introduction
  - man-2-listen
    man-2-listen
    
    Introduction
  - man-3-getaddrinfo
    man-3-getaddrinfo
    
    Introduction
  - Close-socket
    Close-socket
    
    Introduction
    
    man-2-shutdown
    man-2-shutdown
    
    Introduction
    
    close-VS-shutdown
  - Reconnect
  - man-2-sendfile
    man-2-sendfile
    
    Introduction
  - Broadcast-multicast
    Broadcast-multicast
    
    Introduction
  - TCP-Wrappers
    TCP-Wrappers
    
    Introduction
  - TCP-Keepalive
    TCP-Keepalive
    
    Introduction
    
    jianshu-KeepAlive详解
    jianshu-KeepAlive详解
    
    Introduction
  - TIME_WAIT=2MSL
    TIME_WAIT=2MSL
    
    Introduction
    
    解决TIME_WAIT过多问题
    解决TIME_WAIT过多问题
    
    Introduction
    
    serverframework-TIME_WAIT
    serverframework-TIME_WAIT
    
    Introduction
    
    cnblogs-解决TIME_WAIT过多造成的问题
    cnblogs-解决TIME_WAIT过多造成的问题
    
    Introduction
    
    MSL-Maximum-segment-lifetime
    MSL-Maximum-segment-lifetime
    
    Introduction
  - Thundering-Herd-problem
    Thundering-Herd-problem
    
    Introduction
    
    uwsgi-Serializing-accept-AKA-Thundering-Herd-AKA-the-Zeeg-Problem
    uwsgi-Serializing-accept-AKA-Thundering-Herd-AKA-the-Zeeg-Problem
    
    Introduction
    
    SO_REUSEPORT-EPOLLEXCLUSIVE-mitigate-Thundering-herd
    SO_REUSEPORT-EPOLLEXCLUSIVE-mitigate-Thundering-herd
    
    Introduction
- Performance-optimization
  Performance-optimization
  - Introduction
  - Delayed-ACK
    Delayed-ACK
    
    Introduction
- Expert-packetlife
  Expert-packetlife
  - Introduction
  - packetlife-Understanding-TCP-Sequence-and-Acknowledgment-Numbers
    packetlife-Understanding-TCP-Sequence-and-Acknowledgment-Numbers
    
    Introduction
- Tools
  Tools
  - Introduction
  - Packet-analyzer
    Packet-analyzer
    
    Introduction
    
    tcpdump
    tcpdump
    
    Introduction
    
    Wireshark
    Wireshark
    
    Introduction
    
    TODO-ngrep
  - netstat(obsolete)
    netstat(obsolete)
    
    Introduction
  - iproute2
    iproute2
    
    Introduction
  - software-Nmap
    software-Nmap
    
    Introduction
  - software-netfilter
    software-netfilter
    
    Introduction
  - Troubleshoot
    Troubleshoot
    
    Introduction
    
    Troubleshoot-local-network
    Troubleshoot-local-network
    
    Introduction
    
    Troubleshoot-remote-network
    Troubleshoot-remote-network
    
    Introduction
    
    Troubleshoot-packet-loss
    Troubleshoot-packet-loss
    
    Introduction
- Glossary
  Glossary
  - Wire-protocol
    Wire-protocol
    
    Introduction
  - Host(network)
    Host(network)
    
    Introduction
  - Hostname
    Hostname
    
    Introduction
  - MAC-address
    MAC-address
    
    Introduction
Event-driven-concurrent-server
Event-driven-concurrent-server
- Introduction
- linuxgazette-Concurrent-Server-Design
  linuxgazette-Concurrent-Server-Design
  - Introduction
- linuxjournal-Thinking-Concurrently
  linuxjournal-Thinking-Concurrently
  - Introduction
Security
Security
- Introduction
- Capability-based-security
  Capability-based-security
  - Introduction
  - TODO-Object-capability-model
    TODO-Object-capability-model
    
    Introduction
- Capabilities
  Capabilities
  - Introduction
  - man-7-Capabilities
    man-7-Capabilities
    
    Introduction
运维管理
运维管理
- Introduction
- init-process
  init-process
  - Introduction
  - SysVinit
    SysVinit
    
    Introduction
  - TODO-Upstart
- Service-management
  Service-management
  - Introduction
  - TODO-Service-run-level
  - init.d-service-management
    init.d-service-management
    
    Introduction
  - systemd
    systemd
    
    Introduction
    
    systemd-service
    systemd-service
    
    Introduction
- Super-server-daemon
  Super-server-daemon
  - Introduction
  - inetd
    inetd
    
    Introduction
  - xinetd
    xinetd
    
    Introduction
- Centos-network
  Centos-network
  - Introduction
  - Set-NetworkManager-start-onboot
    Set-NetworkManager-start-onboot
    
    Introduction
  - CentOS-8-ifconfig-ens33-not-exist
    CentOS-8-ifconfig-ens33-not-exist
    
    Introduction
  - Restart-network-service
    Restart-network-service
    
    Introduction
Shell&&tool
Shell&&tool
- Introduction
- Shell
  Shell
  - Introduction
  - bash
    bash
    
    Introduction
    
    Manual
    Manual
    
    Introduction
    
    7-Job-Control
    7-Job-Control
    
    Introduction
  - Run-command
    Run-command
    
    Introduction
- Tools
  Tools
  - Introduction
  - GNU-toolchain
    GNU-toolchain
    
    Introduction
  - Dmesg
    Dmesg
    
    Dmesg
    
    Dmesg-format
    
    Dmesg-segfaulting
  - Rsync
    Rsync
    
    Rsync
  - Debug
    Debug
    
    Introduction
    
    Trace
    Trace
    
    Introduction
    
    System-call-trace
    System-call-trace
    
    man-1-ptrace
    man-1-ptrace
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-strace
    man-1-strace
    
    Introduction
    
    Library-call-trace
    Library-call-trace
    
    man-1-ltrace
    man-1-ltrace
    
    Introduction
    
    Stack-trace
    Stack-trace
    
    Introduction
    
    man-1-pstack
    man-1-pstack
    
    Introduction
    
    GDB
    GDB
    
    Introduction
    
    Guide
    Guide
    
    Introduction
    
    gdb-primer
    gdb-primer
    
    gdb-primer
    
    Design-of-gdb
    Design-of-gdb
    
    Introduction
    
    Abstraction-in-GDB
    
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    Introduction
    
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    Introduction
    
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    7-Recording-Inferior's-Execution-and-Replaying-It
    
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    8-Examining-the-Stack
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    9-Examining-Source-Files
    
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    10.11-Convenience-Variables
    
    10.13-Registers
    
    10.19-Produce-a-Core-File-from-Your-Program
    
    11-Debugging-Optimized-Code
    11-Debugging-Optimized-Code
    
    11-Debugging-Optimized-Code
    
    13-Tracepoints
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    Tracepoints
    
    15-Using-GDB-with-Different-Languages
    15-Using-GDB-with-Different-Languages
    
    Introduction
    
    15.4-Supported-Languages
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    16-Examining-the-Symbol-Table
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    Symbol-table
    
    18-gdb-Files
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    18-gdb-Files
    
    19-Specifying-a-Debugging-Target
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    Specifying-a-Debugging-Target
    
    23-Extending-GDB
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    Introduction
    
    25-gdb-Text-User-Interface
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    25-gdb-Text-User-Interface
  - Performance
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    CPU
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Book
Book
- gitbooks-Linux-insides
  gitbooks-Linux-insides
  - Introduction

Stream-based IO VS file descriptor-based IO

OS层的system call都是使用的fd。

Stream一种抽象，他是对fd的封装，基于它，实现了很多非常简单易用的操作。

stackoverflow What is the difference between a stream and a file?

A

In the context of the C Standard Library a stream is a generic interface for performing certain I/O operations. You can read from streams, write to streams, some streams are seekable. Opening a file as a stream is only one way to get a stream as an I/O interface for an application.

Let me quote:

11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors

When you want to do input or output to a file, you have a choice of two basic mechanisms for representing the connection between your program and the file: file descriptors and streams. File descriptors are represented as objects of type int, while streams are represented as FILE * objects.

File descriptors provide a primitive, low-level interface to input and output operations. Both file descriptors and streams can represent a connection to a device (such as a terminal), or a pipe or socket for communicating with another process, as well as a normal file. [...]

... and further:

12.1 Streams

For historical reasons, the type of the C data structure that represents a stream is called FILE rather than “stream”. Since most of the library functions deal with objects of type FILE *, sometimes the term file pointer is also used to mean “stream”. This leads to unfortunate confusion over terminology in many books on C.

Examples for I/O streams in C:

Standard Streams: https://linux.die.net/man/3/stdin
File Streams: https://linux.die.net/man/3/fopen
Pipes: https://linux.die.net/man/3/popen
Stream Sockets: https://linux.die.net/man/2/socket

For further reading, also have a look at these links:

The stream-based API is built on top of the low-level file descriptor API and provides additional functionality. Some low-level features are however only available via the lower level API, e.g., memory-mapped I/O, non-blocking I/O or "event-driven" I/O:

TO READ

https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Concepts.html#I_002fO-Concepts

https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams-and-File-Descriptors.html